What might be a factor that leads to underreporting of abuse cases?

Fear of retaliation by the abuser is a significant factor that can lead to the underreporting of abuse cases. When individuals, especially vulnerable populations like children, feel threatened by the potential consequences of reporting abuse—such as further harm from the abuser or repercussions within their community—they may choose to remain silent. This fear can stem from previous experiences of retaliation, or from a belief that speaking out will exacerbate their situation. As a result, the true incidence of abuse may be obscured when victims opt not to report their experiences, leading to a lack of awareness and support needed to address and prevent further abuse.

In contrast, factors like clear policies in place, positive relationships with students, and availability of support resources are designed to encourage reporting and create a safer environment. These elements can empower individuals to come forward, thus reducing the likelihood of underreporting.